This is a concise book with comprehensive information on coal and biomass ash generated from their combustion in thermal power plants. It presents detailed studies on ash generated from contrasting coal and biomass feedstocks, and provides a comparative evaluation of these different ashes in terms of their origin, properties, environmental hazards. Potential utilizations with specific advantages and disadvantages of the respective ashes are elaborated in detail, including some innovative means of ash utilization for value addition purposes. By addressing both the theory and commercial exploitation of these products, this book will be helpful for industrialists, academicians and researchers alike.

This is a concise book with comprehensive information on coal and biomass ash generated from their combustion in thermal power plants. It presents detailed studies on ash generated from contrasting coal and biomass feedstocks, and provides a comparative evaluation of these different ashes in terms of their origin, properties, environmental hazards. Potential utilizations with specific advantages and disadvantages of the respective ashes are elaborated in detail, including some innovative means of ash utilization for value addition purposes. By addressing both the theory and commercial exploitation of these products, this book will be helpful for industrialists, academicians and researchers alike.

This book details the analytical processes, and interpretation of the resulting data, needed in order to achieve a comprehensive source-rock evaluation of organic-rich shales. The authors employ case studies on Permian and Cretaceous shales from various Indian basins and other petroleum-bearing basins around the world to illustrate the key features of their organic-rich shale characterization methodology. These case studies may also help to identify potential zones within shale formations that could be exploited for commercial gas and/or oil production. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to all researchers working in the field of source-rock analysis. In addition, the source-rock evaluation techniques - and the various intricacies associated with them - discussed here offer valuable material for postgraduate geology courses.

This book details the analytical processes, and interpretation of the resulting data, needed in order to achieve a comprehensive source-rock evaluation of organic-rich shales. The authors employ case studies on Permian and Cretaceous shales from various Indian basins and other petroleum-bearing basins around the world to illustrate the key features of their organic-rich shale characterization methodology. These case studies may also help to identify potential zones within shale formations that could be exploited for commercial gas and/or oil production. Given its scope, the book will be of interest to all researchers working in the field of source-rock analysis. In addition, the source-rock evaluation techniques - and the various intricacies associated with them - discussed here offer valuable material for postgraduate geology courses.

Oil and natural gas were formed from the remains of prehistoric plant and animals. The oil and gas that formed in the source rock deep within the earth moved upward through tiny, connected pore spaces in the rocks. Reservoirs are not underground "lakes" of oil; reservoirs are made up of porous and permeable rocks that can hold significant amounts of oil and gas within their pore spaces. Most reservoirs contain oil, gas, and water. Technological innovation makes it easier to find new deposits of oil and gas and to get more oil or gas from each reservoir that is discovered. The reservoir performance is predicted by mathematical modeling of the reservoir or reservoir simulation. The initial oil, gas, water saturation and pressure are specified. Oil Shales are usually fine-grained sedimentary rocks containing relatively large amounts of organic matter from which significant quantities of shale oil and combustible gas can be extracted. Included in most definitions of oil shale, is the potential for the profitable extraction of shale oil and combustible gas or for burning as a fuel. Total world resources of oil shale are estimated to be 2.6 trillion barrels.

Mining is an important and necessary event and workshop across the world. Different mining techniques are adopted depending upon the geology and various other factors of the deposit. Open cast mining is a process that give loads of profit to the mining sessions, but produce loads of undeseirable effects on the nature. My work shows the state of open cast mining in an OCP, located at West Bengal, very close to my house. Every, one of the two rules are broken at will here. The state is very saddening. No care has been taken in controlling the pollution parameters. Complete ecosystem in the area has been destroyed. the various unforseen effects that open cast mining produce are equally dangerous. no pollution control measures have been taken. all the figures in the book depicts the kind of pollution that has been created in the area.